{"id":3848,"date":"2026-07-06T22:03:30","date_gmt":"2026-07-06T20:03:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spoleksalamoun.com\/?p=3848"},"modified":"2026-07-07T11:29:30","modified_gmt":"2026-07-07T09:29:30","slug":"norsko-ukazuje-cestu-obnova-rizeni-nesmi-byt-pravni-dekoraci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/spoleksalamoun.com\/en\/2026\/07\/06\/norsko-ukazuje-cestu-obnova-rizeni-nesmi-byt-pravni-dekoraci\/","title":{"rendered":"Norsko ukazuje cestu: obnova \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nesm\u00ed b\u00fdt pr\u00e1vn\u00ed dekorac\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Obnova trestn\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed m\u00e1 b\u00fdt posledn\u00ed pojistkou pr\u00e1vn\u00edho st\u00e1tu proti justi\u010dn\u00edmu omylu. V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice tato pojistka form\u00e1ln\u011b existuje. V z\u00e1kon\u011b, v u\u010debnic\u00edch, v procesn\u00edch pou\u010dk\u00e1ch. V realit\u011b nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed trestn\u00ed agendy je v\u0161ak syst\u00e9mov\u011b nepr\u016fchodn\u00e1. Norsk\u00fd model nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 komise pro p\u0159ezkum trestn\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed ukazuje, \u017ee pr\u00e1vn\u00ed st\u00e1t nemus\u00ed vlastn\u00ed chyby pop\u00edrat. M\u016f\u017ee vytvo\u0159it mechanismus, kter\u00fd je dok\u00e1\u017ee skute\u010dn\u011b otev\u0159\u00edt a napravit.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Obnova \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nen\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed odvol\u00e1n\u00ed. Nen\u00ed to b\u011b\u017en\u00fd opravn\u00fd prost\u0159edek. Nen\u00ed to procesn\u00ed nadstandard pro odsouzen\u00e9ho. Je to mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj ur\u010den\u00fd pro situace, kdy se po pravomocn\u00e9m odsouzen\u00ed objev\u00ed nov\u00e9 skute\u010dnosti, nov\u00e9 d\u016fkazy nebo nov\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 poznatky, kter\u00e9 mohou zpochybnit p\u016fvodn\u00ed rozsudek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jej\u00ed smysl nen\u00ed chr\u00e1nit autoritu pravomocn\u00e9ho rozhodnut\u00ed za ka\u017edou cenu. Smyslem obnovy \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je chr\u00e1nit pravdu tam, kde se pravomocn\u00fd rozsudek m\u016f\u017ee uk\u00e1zat jako chybn\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b zde za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed probl\u00e9m \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u010cesk\u00e1 obnova \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nen\u00ed \u201eobt\u00ed\u017en\u00e1\u201c. Ona je v nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed trestn\u00ed agend\u011b <strong>syst\u00e9mov\u011b nepr\u016fchodn\u00e1<\/strong>. Pokud jedin\u00fd re\u00e1ln\u00fd pr\u016flom vznikl a\u017e tak, \u017ee si odsouzen\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk na\u0161el skute\u010dn\u00e9 pachatele s\u00e1m z v\u00fdkonu trestu, nejde o d\u016fkaz funk\u010dnosti justice. Jde naopak o d\u016fkaz jej\u00edho selh\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Form\u00e1ln\u011b existuje. Re\u00e1ln\u011b nepln\u00ed svou funkci.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Podle \u00a7 278 odst. 1 trestn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du se obnova \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed povol\u00ed, vyjdou-li najevo soudu d\u0159\u00edve nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 skute\u010dnosti nebo d\u016fkazy, kter\u00e9 by mohly samy o sob\u011b nebo ve spojen\u00ed se skute\u010dnostmi a d\u016fkazy zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve od\u016fvodnit jin\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed o vin\u011b, trestu nebo dal\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1konem vymezen\u00fdch ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na pap\u00ed\u0159e jde o logickou a nezbytnou konstrukci. Jen\u017ee probl\u00e9m \u010desk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va nen\u00ed v tom, \u017ee by obnova \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nebyla naps\u00e1na v z\u00e1kon\u011b. Probl\u00e9m je v tom, \u017ee v nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed trestn\u00ed agend\u011b nefunguje jako skute\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj n\u00e1pravy justi\u010dn\u00edho omylu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dlouhodob\u011b sledujeme obnovy \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ve v\u011bcech spadaj\u00edc\u00edch do p\u016fsobnosti krajsk\u00fdch soud\u016f. Nejde tedy o bagateln\u00ed p\u0159e\u010diny. Jde o nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed trestnou \u010dinnost, tedy o kauzy, kde lid\u00e9 dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed dlouholet\u00e9 tresty odn\u011bt\u00ed svobody, kde m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ulo\u017een v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fd trest a kde chyba syst\u00e9mu nem\u00e1 podobu administrativn\u00edho omylu, ale podobu zni\u010den\u00e9ho lidsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A zde jsou \u010d\u00edsla, kter\u00e1 nelze obej\u00edt obecn\u00fdmi \u0159e\u010dmi o d\u016fv\u011b\u0159e v justici.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Za obdob\u00ed let 2013 a\u017e 2025 evidujeme u t\u00e9to nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed trestn\u00ed agendy celkem <strong>1184 n\u00e1vrh\u016f na obnovu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/strong>. Nejde o dojem, emoci ani r\u00e9torickou figuru. Jde o tvrd\u00e1 a dolo\u017eiteln\u00e1 data z\u00edskan\u00e1 z Ministerstva spravedlnosti a n\u00e1sledn\u011b ov\u011b\u0159ovan\u00e1 p\u0159es konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed soudy a konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159esto nezn\u00e1me \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad, kter\u00fd by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 poctiv\u011b ozna\u010dit za syst\u00e9mov\u011b funk\u010dn\u00ed o\u010distn\u00fd proces \u010desk\u00e9 justice ve prosp\u011bch nespravedliv\u011b odsouzen\u00e9ho v t\u00e9to kategorii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Za jedin\u00e9 skute\u010dn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9 prolomen\u00ed t\u00e9to statistick\u00e9 zdi b\u00fdv\u00e1 uv\u00e1d\u011bn p\u0159\u00edpad \u0160najdr. Ani ten v\u0161ak nelze pou\u017e\u00edt jako d\u016fkaz funk\u010dnosti \u010desk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu obnov \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Podstatou tohoto p\u0159\u00edpadu je, \u017ee odsouzen\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk si skute\u010dn\u00e9 pachatele na\u0161el s\u00e1m z v\u00fdkonu trestu. T\u00edm fakticky suploval st\u00e1t, kter\u00fd m\u011bl b\u00fdt schopen justi\u010dn\u00ed omyl rozpoznat, otev\u0159\u00edt a napravit. Teprve p\u0159izn\u00e1n\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00fdch pachatel\u016f vytvo\u0159ilo situaci, kterou u\u017e nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 ignorovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tento p\u0159\u00edpad proto nen\u00ed argumentem ve prosp\u011bch \u010desk\u00e9 justice. Je argumentem proti n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<div class=\"ast-oembed-container\" style=\"height: 100%;\"><iframe title=\"Vystupuj\u00edc\u00ed: V\u00e1clav Peri\u010devi\u010d - Spravedlnost? \u010cesk\u00e1 justice a jej\u00ed kontroverzn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/FvS6jpWc6qg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Statistika m\u016f\u017ee vytv\u00e1\u0159et iluzi, proto je nutn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edst rozhodnut\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 obnovy \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 i v tom, \u017ee samotn\u00e9 statistick\u00e9 \u00fadaje mohou p\u016fsobit klamav\u011b. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch letech se v tabulk\u00e1ch objevuj\u00ed polo\u017eky, kter\u00e9 na prvn\u00ed pohled vypadaj\u00ed jako povolen\u00e9 obnovy. Jen\u017ee po otev\u0159en\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch rozhodnut\u00ed se uk\u00e1\u017ee, \u017ee nejde o skute\u010dn\u00fd pr\u016flom ve prosp\u011bch nespravedliv\u011b odsouzen\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u011bkter\u00e9 statisticky vyk\u00e1zan\u00e9 obnovy se uk\u00e1zaly jako obnovy v neprosp\u011bch obvin\u011bn\u00e9ho, jin\u00e9 jako rozhodnut\u00ed n\u00e1sledn\u011b zru\u0161en\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm soudem, chyby v datech nebo procesn\u00ed situace, kter\u00e9 nemaj\u00ed povahu skute\u010dn\u00e9 obnovy \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jako n\u00e1stroje n\u00e1pravy justi\u010dn\u00edho omylu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To je velmi v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9. Ve\u0159ejnost, z\u00e1konod\u00e1rce i odborn\u00e1 obec mohou p\u0159i povrchn\u00edm \u010dten\u00ed statistik nab\u00fdt dojmu, \u017ee obnova \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed existuje nejen form\u00e1ln\u011b, ale tak\u00e9 prakticky. Jen\u017ee teprve ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch rozhodnut\u00ed ukazuje realitu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u010cesk\u00e1 statistika tak m\u016f\u017ee vypadat jako pr\u00e1vn\u00ed informace. Bez ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f se v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t z\u00e1vojem, za n\u00edm\u017e se skr\u00fdv\u00e1 syst\u00e9mov\u00e1 nepr\u016fchodnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Novela od roku 2022 probl\u00e9m nevy\u0159e\u0161ila<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Do 1. ledna 2022 platil v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice stav, kter\u00fd byl z hlediska spravedliv\u00e9ho p\u0159ezkumu naprosto neobhajiteln\u00fd: o n\u00e1vrhu na obnovu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed mohl rozhodovat soudce nebo sen\u00e1t, kter\u00fd rozhodoval p\u016fvodn\u00ed v\u011bc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jin\u00fdmi slovy: odsouzen\u00fd tvrdil, \u017ee se objevil nov\u00fd d\u016fkaz nebo nov\u00e1 skute\u010dnost, kter\u00e1 zpochyb\u0148uje p\u016fvodn\u00ed rozsudek, a o tom, zda se v\u011bc v\u016fbec otev\u0159e, mohl rozhodovat stejn\u00fd soudce, jeho\u017e p\u016fvodn\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed bylo t\u00edmto n\u00e1vrhem fakticky zpochybn\u011bno.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To nen\u00ed pojistka proti justi\u010dn\u00edmu omylu. To je institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed konflikt sebereflexe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Od 1. ledna 2022 sice plat\u00ed zm\u011bna, podle n\u00ed\u017e je z rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o n\u00e1vrhu na povolen\u00ed obnovy \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vylou\u010den soudce nebo p\u0159\u00edsed\u00edc\u00ed, kter\u00fd ve v\u011bci rozhodoval v p\u016fvodn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Jen\u017ee \u010desk\u00e1 \u00faprava z\u016fstala nedokon\u010den\u00e1. \u010cesk\u00e1 obnova \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed m\u00e1 dv\u011b f\u00e1ze: \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed o povolen\u00ed obnovy a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed po povolen\u00ed obnovy. Novela v\u00fdslovn\u011b \u0159e\u0161\u00ed pouze prvn\u00ed f\u00e1zi, nikoli dostate\u010dn\u011b jednozna\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 obnoven\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vznik\u00e1 tak absurdn\u00ed situace: jin\u00fd soudce m\u00e1 posoudit, zda jsou d\u00e1ny d\u016fvody k obnov\u011b, mus\u00ed nastudovat \u010dasto rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd spis, nov\u00e9 d\u016fkazy, znaleck\u00e9 posudky a argumentaci stran, ale pokud obnovu povol\u00ed, syst\u00e9m neposkytuje stejn\u011b silnou garanci, \u017ee se v\u011bc nevr\u00e1t\u00ed zp\u011bt k p\u016fvodn\u00edmu rozhodovac\u00edmu r\u00e1mci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To nen\u00ed drobn\u00e1 procesn\u00ed nedokonalost. To je konstruk\u010dn\u00ed vada, kter\u00e1 ukazuje, \u017ee \u010desk\u00fd syst\u00e9m st\u00e1le nem\u00e1 skute\u010dn\u011b nez\u00e1visl\u00fd p\u0159ezkum pravomocn\u00fdch odsouzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Norsk\u00fd model: reakce na selh\u00e1n\u00ed, ne jeho pop\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b zde je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pod\u00edvat se na Norsko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Profesor Ulf Stridbeck a profesor Svein Magnussen ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci <strong>Opening Potentially Wrongful Convictions \u2014 Look to Norway<\/strong> popisuj\u00ed vznik a fungov\u00e1n\u00ed norsk\u00e9 <strong>Criminal Cases Review Commission<\/strong>, tedy nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 komise pro p\u0159ezkum trestn\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed. Obdobn\u00e9 komise vznikly v evropsk\u00e9m prostoru v Anglii v roce 1997, ve Skotsku v roce 1999 a v Norsku v roce 2004. Jejich spole\u010dn\u00fdm smyslem je fungovat nez\u00e1visle na soudn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu a na org\u00e1nech ob\u017ealoby, posuzovat mo\u017en\u00e1 nespravedliv\u00e1 odsouzen\u00ed \u010di nep\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 tresty a rozhodovat, zda m\u00e1 b\u00fdt v\u011bc znovu otev\u0159ena p\u0159ed soudem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\"  class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/spoleksalamoun.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/CLQ58-2Stridbeck.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of CLQ58-2Stridbeck.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-247e22e4-d1fd-4022-88a6-76b51ce46569\" href=\"https:\/\/spoleksalamoun.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/CLQ58-2Stridbeck.pdf\">CLQ58-2Stridbeck<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/spoleksalamoun.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/CLQ58-2Stridbeck.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-247e22e4-d1fd-4022-88a6-76b51ce46569\">St\u00e1hnout<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Historicky byl norsk\u00fd model ovlivn\u011bn mimo jin\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpadem<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liland_affair\"> Lilanda<\/a>. Pan Liland byl odsouzen za brut\u00e1ln\u00ed dvojn\u00e1sobnou vra\u017edu sekerou z roku 1969. Nikdy se nep\u0159iznal. V roce 1994 byla jeho v\u011bc obnovena na z\u00e1klad\u011b nov\u00fdch l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch znaleck\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v k dob\u011b smrti ob\u011bt\u00ed. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud dosp\u011bl k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee p\u016fvodn\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159\u0161t\u00ed znalci byli nespolehliv\u00ed, \u017ee Liland mohl m\u00edt alibi, a v\u011bc byla obnovena. Liland byl n\u00e1sledn\u011b o\u010di\u0161t\u011bn a obdr\u017eel od\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed. Tento p\u0159\u00edpad se podle Stridbecka a Magnussena stal pro norskou politickou a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed spole\u010dnost z\u00e1sadn\u00edm varov\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed je reakce Norska.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Norsko se po takov\u00e9m selh\u00e1n\u00ed nezabarik\u00e1dovalo za autoritu pravomocn\u00fdch rozsudk\u016f. Nevytvo\u0159ilo teorii, \u017ee justi\u010dn\u00ed omyly se d\u011bj\u00ed v\u0161ude, jen u nich ne. Naopak za\u010dalo hledat institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed mechanismus, kter\u00fd by nebyl z\u00e1visl\u00fd na tom, \u017ee se soudn\u00ed syst\u00e9m bude s\u00e1m od sebe ochoten kriticky pod\u00edvat na vlastn\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A pr\u00e1v\u011b tak vznikla norsk\u00e1 NCCRC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pro\u010d je norsk\u00fd model siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u010desk\u00e1 soudn\u00ed sebekontrola<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Norsk\u00e1 NCCRC je nez\u00e1visl\u00fd centralizovan\u00fd spr\u00e1vn\u00ed org\u00e1n. Nen\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed soudn\u00ed soustavy. Nen\u00ed org\u00e1nem ob\u017ealoby. Nen\u00ed politickou komis\u00ed. Je to specializovan\u00fd org\u00e1n ur\u010den\u00fd k p\u0159ezkumu pravomocn\u011b skon\u010den\u00fdch trestn\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jej\u00ed slo\u017een\u00ed je interdisciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed. Jsou v n\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed profesion\u00e1lov\u00e9, ale tak\u00e9 lai\u010dt\u00ed \u010dlenov\u00e9. Podle Stridbecka a Magnussena maj\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b lai\u010dt\u00ed \u010dlenov\u00e9 p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et do rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fd, nepr\u00e1vnick\u00fd pohled a posilovat d\u016fv\u011bru v komisi. Sekretari\u00e1t m\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed zam\u011bstnance v\u010detn\u011b vy\u0161et\u0159ovatel\u016f s pr\u00e1vn\u00edm i policejn\u00edm z\u00e1zem\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rozd\u00edl oproti \u010desk\u00e9mu modelu. \u010cesk\u00e1 obnova \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 uvnit\u0159 justi\u010dn\u00ed struktury, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 sama rozhodovat, zda se jej\u00ed p\u0159edchoz\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee uk\u00e1zat jako chybn\u00e9. Norsk\u00fd model vkl\u00e1d\u00e1 mezi odsouzen\u00e9ho a soudn\u00ed syst\u00e9m nez\u00e1visl\u00fd odborn\u00fd org\u00e1n, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed odbornost, vlastn\u00ed apar\u00e1t a vlastn\u00ed institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>NCCRC nav\u00edc nen\u00ed pasivn\u00edm podatelnov\u00fdm org\u00e1nem. Ne\u010dek\u00e1 pouze na to, zda odsouzen\u00fd s\u00e1m z v\u011bznice p\u0159inese hotov\u00fd d\u016fkaz. Komise m\u016f\u017ee sama shroma\u017e\u010fovat informace, p\u0159edvol\u00e1vat odsouzen\u00e9ho a sv\u011bdky k rozhovor\u016fm, konat \u00fastn\u00ed sly\u0161en\u00ed, \u017e\u00e1dat proveden\u00ed d\u016fkaz\u016f, jmenovat znalce a za zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch okolnost\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1dat policii o dal\u0161\u00ed vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Toto je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9. \u010cesk\u00fd syst\u00e9m \u010dasto fakticky \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 odsouzen\u00e9mu: p\u0159ines nov\u00fd d\u016fkaz. Ale odsouzen\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk ve v\u00fdkonu trestu zpravidla nem\u00e1 re\u00e1ln\u00e9 mo\u017enosti, prost\u0159edky ani procesn\u00ed n\u00e1stroje, aby s\u00e1m vy\u0161et\u0159oval vlastn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad, z\u00edsk\u00e1val nov\u00e9 znaleck\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry, testoval p\u016fvodn\u00ed d\u016fkazn\u00ed metody nebo dohled\u00e1val sv\u011bdky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Norsk\u00fd model vych\u00e1z\u00ed z jin\u00e9 logiky: pokud m\u00e1 b\u00fdt p\u0159ezkum pravomocn\u00e9ho odsouzen\u00ed seri\u00f3zn\u00ed, nem\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t ve\u0161kerou d\u016fkazn\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e fakticky p\u0159ehodit na \u010dlov\u011bka, kter\u00e9ho s\u00e1m uzav\u0159el do v\u011bznice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Norsko \u0161lo d\u00e1l ne\u017e Anglie a Skotsko<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Norsk\u00fd model je pozoruhodn\u00fd je\u0161t\u011b v jednom sm\u011bru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anglick\u00e1 a skotsk\u00e1 komise mohou podle Stridbecka a Magnussena doporu\u010dit znovuotev\u0159en\u00ed v\u011bci, av\u0161ak kone\u010dn\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed \u010din\u00ed odvolac\u00ed soud. Norsko \u0161lo d\u00e1le: NCCRC m\u00e1 pravomoc v\u011bc p\u0159\u00edmo postoupit k nov\u00e9mu projedn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed jin\u00fd soud stejn\u00e9ho stupn\u011b, ne\u017e byl soud, kter\u00fd p\u016fvodn\u011b rozhodoval. Rozhodnut\u00ed o obnov\u011b nebo neobnov\u011b je kone\u010dn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To je rozd\u00edl mezi skute\u010dnou a pouze dekorativn\u00ed nez\u00e1vislost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nesta\u010d\u00ed vytvo\u0159it poradn\u00ed org\u00e1n bez \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 pravomoci. Nesta\u010d\u00ed vytvo\u0159it komisi, kter\u00e1 bude ps\u00e1t doporu\u010den\u00ed, zat\u00edmco soudn\u00ed syst\u00e9m bude m\u00edt posledn\u00ed slovo o tom, zda p\u0159ipust\u00ed kritiku vlastn\u00edho pravomocn\u00e9ho rozhodnut\u00ed. Pokud m\u00e1 b\u00fdt p\u0159ezkum efektivn\u00ed, mus\u00ed m\u00edt instituce re\u00e1lnou procesn\u00ed s\u00edlu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Norsko pochopilo, \u017ee justi\u010dn\u00ed omyl nen\u00ed jen individu\u00e1ln\u00ed trag\u00e9die. Je to test institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed pokory st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pachov\u00e1 stopa: \u010desk\u00fd test, kter\u00fd syst\u00e9m neunesl<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Jedn\u00edm z nejviditeln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f \u010desk\u00e9 nepr\u016fchodnosti obnov \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jsou p\u0159\u00edpady pachov\u00fdch stop.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice existuj\u00ed trestn\u00ed v\u011bci, v nich\u017e pachov\u00e1 identifikace hr\u00e1la z\u00e1sadn\u00ed nebo velmi v\u00fdznamnou roli. P\u0159itom odborn\u00e1 ve\u0159ejnost z\u00e1sadn\u011b zpochybnila zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm byla tato metoda prov\u00e1d\u011bna do roku 2018. Bylo poukazov\u00e1no na to, \u017ee metoda byla v rozporu s v\u011bdeck\u00fdm pozn\u00e1n\u00edm a zcela nev\u011brohodn\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na v situaci, kdy psovod v\u011bd\u011bl, kde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed identick\u00fd vzorek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V Nizozemsku vedl obdobn\u00fd probl\u00e9m k p\u0159ezkumu 3158 p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, v nich\u017e pachov\u00e1 stopa hr\u00e1la n\u011bjakou roli, a v 15 p\u0159\u00edpadech byli lid\u00e9 n\u00e1sledn\u011b zpro\u0161t\u011bni viny. Ve vystoupen\u00ed v Poslaneck\u00e9 sn\u011bmovn\u011b zazn\u011blo, \u017ee to, co bylo v Nizozemsku p\u0159edm\u011btem trestn\u00edho postihu a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9ho p\u0159ezkumu tis\u00edc\u016f v\u011bc\u00ed, bylo v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice standardem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A co se stalo v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nic, co by odpov\u00eddalo v\u00e1\u017enosti probl\u00e9mu. Prob\u011bhla ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 zased\u00e1n\u00ed v konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch v\u011bcech, osobn\u011b jsme je sledovali, ale ani z\u00e1sadn\u00ed odborn\u00e9 zpochybn\u011bn\u00ed metody nevedlo k tomu, \u017ee by se obnova \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed stala skute\u010dn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem n\u00e1pravy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To je j\u00e1dro probl\u00e9mu. \u010cesk\u00e1 justice ne\u010del\u00ed pouze ot\u00e1zce, zda n\u011bkdy pochybila. Ka\u017ed\u00fd syst\u00e9m m\u016f\u017ee pochybit. \u010cesk\u00e1 justice \u010del\u00ed ot\u00e1zce, zda je schopna pochyben\u00ed p\u0159ipustit, kdy\u017e se objev\u00ed nov\u00e9 pozn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Podle obnov \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed trestn\u00ed agend\u011b odpov\u011b\u010f zn\u00ed: nen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Norsk\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159ezkum m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt re\u00e1ln\u00fd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Stridbeck a Magnussen uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee norsk\u00e1 NCCRC v letech 2004 a\u017e 2010 obdr\u017eela celkem 1184 \u017e\u00e1dost\u00ed. Z toho bylo 120 v\u011bc\u00ed obnoveno, 233 \u017e\u00e1dost\u00ed nebylo vyhov\u011bno, \u010d\u00e1st byla odm\u00edtnuta jako zjevn\u011b ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1 a \u010d\u00e1st z form\u00e1ln\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f. V\u00fdsledky n\u00e1sledn\u00fdch \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ukazovaly, \u017ee 80 % obnoven\u00fdch v\u011bc\u00ed vedlo k o\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odsouzen\u00e9ho, 14 % ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed trestu a v 6 % p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f nedo\u0161lo ke zm\u011bn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tato \u010d\u00edsla nelze mechanicky p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et do \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. Norsko m\u00e1 jinou pr\u00e1vn\u00ed kulturu, jin\u00e9 instituce i jin\u00fd syst\u00e9m p\u0159ezkumu. Ale srovn\u00e1n\u00ed je p\u0159esto z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v principu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Norsko ukazuje syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 s mo\u017enost\u00ed omylu. \u010cesk\u00e1 republika podle statistik u nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed trestn\u00ed agendy p\u016fsob\u00ed jako syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd omyl prakticky nep\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To v\u0161ak nen\u00ed zn\u00e1mka dokonalosti. To je varovn\u00fd sign\u00e1l.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u010cesk\u00e1 republika pot\u0159ebuje nez\u00e1visl\u00fd p\u0159ezkum, ne dal\u0161\u00ed procesn\u00ed iluzi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nesta\u010d\u00ed opakovat, \u017ee obnova \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v trestn\u00edm \u0159\u00e1du existuje. Nesta\u010d\u00ed citovat \u00a7 278. Nesta\u010d\u00ed se uklid\u0148ovat t\u00edm, \u017ee odsouzen\u00fd \u201em\u00e1 mo\u017enost podat n\u00e1vrh\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Form\u00e1ln\u00ed mo\u017enost podat n\u00e1vrh nen\u00ed tot\u00e9\u017e jako re\u00e1ln\u00e1 mo\u017enost dos\u00e1hnout p\u0159ezkumu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u010cesk\u00e1 republika pot\u0159ebuje v\u00e1\u017enou debatu o tom, zda m\u00e1 b\u00fdt p\u0159ezkum pravomocn\u00fdch odsouzen\u00ed v nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch trestn\u00edch v\u011bcech nad\u00e1le ponech\u00e1n v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b uvnit\u0159 soudn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, nebo zda nastal \u010das vytvo\u0159it nez\u00e1visl\u00fd odborn\u00fd mechanismus inspirovan\u00fd modely typu norsk\u00e9 NCCRC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Takov\u00fd mechanismus by musel b\u00fdt nez\u00e1visl\u00fd na soudech i ob\u017ealob\u011b. Musel by m\u00edt vlastn\u00ed odborn\u00fd apar\u00e1t. Musel by m\u00edt pravomoc vy\u017eadovat spisy a dokumenty. Musel by m\u00edt mo\u017enost zad\u00e1vat nez\u00e1visl\u00e1 znaleck\u00e1 posouzen\u00ed. Musel by m\u00edt vy\u0161et\u0159ovac\u00ed kapacitu. Musel by b\u00fdt schopen pracovat s nov\u00fdmi v\u011bdeck\u00fdmi poznatky, zpochybn\u011bn\u00fdmi forenzn\u00edmi metodami, fale\u0161n\u00fdmi p\u0159izn\u00e1n\u00edmi, sv\u011bdeck\u00fdmi omyly, nov\u00fdmi sv\u011bdky, nov\u00fdmi znaleck\u00fdmi z\u00e1v\u011bry i d\u016fkazy, kter\u00e9 se objev\u00ed a\u017e po letech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm by musel vych\u00e1zet z jedn\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed premisy: pravomocn\u00fd rozsudek nen\u00ed d\u016fkaz neomylnosti st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Z\u00e1v\u011br: obnova \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nem\u00e1 b\u00fdt pr\u00e1vn\u00ed dekorace<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Netvrd\u00edme, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd odsouzen\u00fd je nevinn\u00fd. Netvrd\u00edme, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd n\u00e1vrh na obnovu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je d\u016fvodn\u00fd. Takov\u00e1 argumentace by byla lacin\u00e1 a neseri\u00f3zn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tvrd\u00edme n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tvrd\u00edme, \u017ee pom\u011br <strong>1184 n\u00e1vrh\u016f<\/strong> v nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed trestn\u00ed agend\u011b a absence skute\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho o\u010distn\u00e9ho mechanismu je alarmuj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tvrd\u00edme, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edpad, v n\u011bm\u017e si odsouzen\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk na\u0161el skute\u010dn\u00e9 pachatele s\u00e1m z v\u00fdkonu trestu, nelze vyd\u00e1vat za triumf justice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tvrd\u00edme, \u017ee nov\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 poznatky o nespolehlivosti d\u016fkazn\u00edch metod maj\u00ed v\u00e9st k poctiv\u00e9mu p\u0159ezkumu, nikoli k procesn\u00edmu opevn\u011bn\u00ed star\u00fdch rozsudk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tvrd\u00edme, \u017ee pr\u00e1vn\u00ed st\u00e1t se nepozn\u00e1 podle toho, \u017ee nikdy nechybuje. To je poh\u00e1dka. Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed st\u00e1t se pozn\u00e1 podle toho, zda m\u00e1 odvahu vlastn\u00ed chybu znovu otev\u0159\u00edt, pojmenovat a napravit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Norsko po zku\u0161enosti s justi\u010dn\u00edm omylem vytvo\u0159ilo nez\u00e1visl\u00fd mechanismus. Anglie a Skotsko se vydaly podobnou cestou. \u010cesk\u00e1 republika zat\u00edm d\u00e1l spol\u00e9h\u00e1 na form\u00e1ln\u00ed institut obnovy \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00fd v nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed trestn\u00ed agend\u011b podle na\u0161ich tvrd\u00fdch a dolo\u017eiteln\u00fdch dat nefunguje jako skute\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj n\u00e1pravy justi\u010dn\u00edch omyl\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Obnova \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nem\u00e1 b\u00fdt pr\u00e1vn\u00ed dekorace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u00e1 b\u00fdt posledn\u00ed pojistka proti nespravedliv\u00e9mu odsouzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A jestli\u017ee tato pojistka v praxi nefunguje, pak nen\u00ed na m\u00edst\u011b uklid\u0148ovat ve\u0159ejnost \u0159e\u010dmi o d\u016fv\u011b\u0159e v justici. Je na m\u00edst\u011b \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee \u010cesk\u00e1 republika pot\u0159ebuje skute\u010dn\u00fd mechanismus p\u0159ezkumu pravomocn\u00fdch odsouzen\u00ed \u2014 nez\u00e1visl\u00fd, odborn\u00fd a institucion\u00e1ln\u011b odd\u011blen\u00fd od syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd p\u016fvodn\u00ed odsouzen\u00ed vytvo\u0159il.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Proto m\u00e1 smysl d\u00edvat se na Norsko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ne jako na dokonal\u00fd model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ale jako na d\u016fkaz, \u017ee pr\u00e1vn\u00ed st\u00e1t se m\u016f\u017ee po vlastn\u00edm selh\u00e1n\u00ed zachovat jinak: nep\u0159edst\u00edrat neomylnost, ale vytvo\u0159it n\u00e1stroj, kter\u00fd umo\u017en\u00ed omyl skute\u010dn\u011b napravit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00edtejte v pr\u00e1vn\u00ed st\u00e1t\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Obnova trestn\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed m\u00e1 b\u00fdt posledn\u00ed pojistkou pr\u00e1vn\u00edho st\u00e1tu proti justi\u010dn\u00edmu omylu. V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice tato pojistka form\u00e1ln\u011b existuje. V [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3852,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3848","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archiv"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/spoleksalamoun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3848"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/spoleksalamoun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/spoleksalamoun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spoleksalamoun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spoleksalamoun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3848"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/spoleksalamoun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3848\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3851,"href":"https:\/\/spoleksalamoun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3848\/revisions\/3851"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spoleksalamoun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3852"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/spoleksalamoun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3848"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spoleksalamoun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3848"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spoleksalamoun.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3848"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}