{"id":3176,"date":"2025-07-30T13:58:00","date_gmt":"2025-07-30T11:58:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spoleksalamoun.com\/?p=3176"},"modified":"2025-07-30T13:58:00","modified_gmt":"2025-07-30T11:58:00","slug":"nelidske-zachazeni-jako-systemovy-problem-nalez-ustavniho-soudu-iii-us-1252-24-v-kontextu-vykonu-trestu-a-odpovednosti-statu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/spoleksalamoun.com\/en\/2025\/07\/30\/nelidske-zachazeni-jako-systemovy-problem-nalez-ustavniho-soudu-iii-us-1252-24-v-kontextu-vykonu-trestu-a-odpovednosti-statu\/","title":{"rendered":"Nelidsk\u00e9 zach\u00e1zen\u00ed jako syst\u00e9mov\u00fd probl\u00e9m: N\u00e1lez \u00dastavn\u00edho soudu III. \u00daS 1252\/24 v kontextu v\u00fdkonu trestu a odpov\u011bdnosti st\u00e1tu"},"content":{"rendered":"

I. \u00davod<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1lez \u00dastavn\u00edho soudu \u010cR sp. zn. III. \u00daS 1252\/24<\/a> ze dne 10. \u010dervence 2025 p\u0159edstavuje jeden z nejz\u00e1sadn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vstup\u016f soudn\u00ed moci do diskuse o mez\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9ho zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s osobami ve v\u00fdkonu trestu. V\u011bc se t\u00fdk\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edpadu A. B., odsouzen\u00e9 \u017eeny, kter\u00e1 byla ve v\u011bznici opakovan\u011b a protipr\u00e1vn\u011b p\u0159ipout\u00e1na k okenn\u00ed m\u0159\u00ed\u017ei zp\u016fsobem, jen\u017e napl\u0148oval znaky nelidsk\u00e9ho a poni\u017euj\u00edc\u00edho zach\u00e1zen\u00ed ve smyslu \u010dl. 3 \u00damluvy o ochran\u011b lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v. P\u0159esto\u017ee krajsk\u00fd soud s\u00e1m konstatoval poru\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1kona a absenci d\u016fvod\u016f pro pou\u017eit\u00ed donucovac\u00edho prost\u0159edku, v\u011bc postoupil k projedn\u00e1n\u00ed jako k\u00e1ze\u0148sk\u00fd p\u0159estupek, nikoliv trestn\u00fd \u010din. \u00dastavn\u00ed soud tento p\u0159\u00edstup odm\u00edtl jako \u00fastavn\u011b nep\u0159\u00edpustn\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Faktick\u00fd a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed r\u00e1mec v\u011bci<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1. Skutkov\u00fd z\u00e1klad<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

St\u011b\u017eovatelka A. B. byla dne 8. ledna 2020 v \u017eensk\u00e9 v\u011bznici p\u0159ipout\u00e1na na cca 3,5 hodiny za ob\u011b z\u00e1p\u011bst\u00ed k okenn\u00ed m\u0159\u00ed\u017ei, a to ve dvou odd\u011blen\u00fdch \u00fasec\u00edch (2 hodiny a n\u00e1sledn\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed 1,5 hodiny). V d\u016fsledku bolesti a stresu se pomo\u010dila, a byla nucena exkrementy uklidit. P\u0159ipout\u00e1n\u00ed nebylo provedeno na z\u00e1klad\u011b akutn\u00ed hrozby, n\u00fdbr\u017e jako \u201edisciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed prost\u0159edek\u201c za verb\u00e1ln\u00ed protesty v\u016f\u010di dozorci a \u00fadajn\u011b \u201enevhodn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c. P\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 v\u011bznice v\u010detn\u011b \u0159editelky pova\u017eovali takov\u00fd postup za standardn\u00ed<\/strong>(sic!).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Rozhodnut\u00ed soud\u016f ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch stup\u0148\u016f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Okresn\u00ed soud v Havl\u00ed\u010dkov\u011b Brod\u011b shledal p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edky vinn\u00fdmi ze zneu\u017eit\u00ed pravomoci \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed osoby (\u00a7 329 TZ) s podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdmi tresty. Krajsk\u00fd soud v\u0161ak rozsudek zru\u0161il s odkazem na absenci subjektivn\u00ed str\u00e1nky \u010dinu \u2013 \u00fadajn\u011b nebylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee si byli v\u011bdomi protipr\u00e1vnosti sv\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u011bc postoupil do k\u00e1ze\u0148sk\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

III. N\u00e1lez \u00dastavn\u00edho soudu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u00dastavn\u00ed soud zru\u0161il rozhodnut\u00ed krajsk\u00e9ho soudu s odkazem na poru\u0161en\u00ed \u010dl. 7 Listiny a \u010dl. 3 \u00damluvy. V od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed akcentoval n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 aspekty:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Jedn\u00e1n\u00ed vykonavatel\u016f st\u00e1tn\u00ed moci ve slu\u017eebn\u00edm pom\u011bru<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u00dastavn\u00ed soud v\u00fdslovn\u011b odm\u00edtl, \u017ee neznalost pr\u00e1vn\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f nebo \u201etolerance nad\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch\u201c m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159edstavovat omluviteln\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed omyl dle \u00a7 19 TZ. P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci v\u011bze\u0148sk\u00e9 slu\u017eby maj\u00ed positivn\u00ed z\u00e1konnou povinnost<\/em> zn\u00e1t a dodr\u017eovat p\u0159edpisy upravuj\u00edc\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed donucovac\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f, a jejich \u0161kolen\u00ed a ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159ezku\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed nelze bagatelizovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Nep\u0159\u00edpustnost \u201esyst\u00e9mov\u00e9 sv\u00e9vole\u201c jako obhajoby<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Argumentace krajsk\u00e9ho soudu, \u017ee \u201etakto se to ve v\u011bznici d\u011blalo b\u011b\u017en\u011b\u201c, byla \u00dastavn\u00edm soudem striktn\u011b odm\u00edtnuta. Pr\u00e1v\u011b opakovan\u00e9 systematick\u00e9 poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1v v\u011bz\u0148\u016f \u010din\u00ed v\u011bc z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u2013 nikoliv m\u00e9n\u011b nebezpe\u010dnou. Soud v\u00fdslovn\u011b konstatoval, \u017ee v pr\u00e1vn\u00edm st\u00e1t\u011b jsou to pr\u00e1v\u011b st\u00e1tn\u00ed org\u00e1ny<\/em>, kdo m\u00e1 j\u00edt p\u0159\u00edkladem v dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Povinnost efektivn\u00edho vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u00dastavn\u00ed soud p\u0159ipomn\u011bl judikaturu Evropsk\u00e9ho soudu pro lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va (nap\u0159. Bouyid proti Belgii<\/em>, Cirino a Renne proti It\u00e1lii<\/em>), dle n\u00ed\u017e mus\u00ed b\u00fdt poru\u0161en\u00ed \u010dl. 3 \u00damluvy p\u0159edm\u011btem trestn\u00edho postihu<\/strong> a nikoliv pouze intern\u00ed k\u00e1ze\u0148sk\u00e9 sankce. Pokud vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed org\u00e1ny nerespektuj\u00ed tuto z\u00e1sadu, doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke ztr\u00e1t\u011b preventivn\u00ed funkce trestn\u00edho pr\u00e1va<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV. Syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 selh\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1lez \u00daS nemluv\u00ed jen o individu\u00e1ln\u00edm pochyben\u00ed. V\u011bc A. B. se odehr\u00e1la ve v\u011bznici, kde dle zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bylo p\u0159ipout\u00e1n\u00ed k pevn\u00e9mu p\u0159edm\u011btu b\u011b\u017en\u011b<\/em> vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no nejen k zabr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed bezprost\u0159edn\u00edmu \u00fatoku, ale jako metoda \u201ezklidn\u011bn\u00ed\u201c \u010di \u201eponau\u010den\u00ed\u201c. Tento syst\u00e9m vykl\u00e1dal pojem \u201eagresivita\u201c extr\u00e9mn\u011b extenzivn\u011b \u2013 zahrnoval i slovn\u00ed protest nebo \u201em\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed rukama\u201c. T\u00edm se st\u00e1tn\u00ed moc dopustila v\u011bdom\u00e9ho a struktur\u00e1ln\u00edho poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd je i postoj st\u00e1tn\u00ed z\u00e1stupkyn\u011b a veden\u00ed v\u011bznice, kte\u0159\u00ed takov\u00fd postup schvalovali \u010di bagatelizovali. Ob\u017ealovan\u00ed p\u0159itom sv\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed kryli \u00fa\u010delov\u00fdm z\u00e1znamem o pou\u017eit\u00ed donucovac\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f \u2013 nikoliv k\u00e1ze\u0148sk\u00fdm z\u00e1znamem. Doch\u00e1zelo tedy ke klamn\u00e9mu form\u00e1ln\u00edmu zakryt\u00ed protipr\u00e1vn\u00edho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, co\u017e \u00dastavn\u00ed soud spr\u00e1vn\u011b ozna\u010dil za organizovan\u00e9 poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00edch norem<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V. D\u016fsledky a v\u00fdzvy de lege ferenda<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1lez III. \u00daS 1252\/24 je precedentem, kter\u00fd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n